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Pope Nicholas III ((ラテン語:Nicolaus III); c. 1225 – 22 August 1280), born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini,〔George L. Williams, ''Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes'', (McFarland & Company Inc., 1998), 36. Richard Sternfeld, ''Der Kardinal Johann Gaëtan Orsini'', in a separate Excursus I, pp. 315-316, argues for a date of birth around 1216. He points out that one must take into account that Giovanni Gaetano's mother was a first wife.〕 was Pope from 25 November 1277 to his death in 1280. He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes, been made Cardinal-Deacon of ''St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano'' by Pope Innocent IV (1243–54), protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV (1254–61), inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV (1261–64), and succeeded Pope John XXI (1276–77) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277, largely through family influence. == Personal == Nicholas was born in Rome,〔Richard Sternfeld, ''Der Kardinal Johann Gaëtan Orsini'', p. 1.〕 a member of the prominent Orsini family of Italy, the eldest son of Roman nobleman Matteo Rosso Orsini〔Matteo Rosso Orsini was a member of the Third Order of S. Francis (Tertiary): Richard Sternfeld, ''Der Kardinal Johann Gaëtan Orsini'', p. 2. It was Giovanni Gaetano's father, also called Matteo Rosso Orsini ('Il Grande'), who, as Senator of Rome, locked the Cardinals up in a sort of proto-conclave in August, 1241. (Ryccardus de S. Germano, Chronica. )〕 by his first wife, Perna Caetani. His father was Lord of Vicovaro, Licenza, Bardella, Cantalupo, Roccagiovine, Galera, Fornello, Castel Sant’Angelo di Tivoli, Nettuno, Civitella, Bomarzo, San Polo and Castelfoglia, of Nerola from 1235; Lord of Mugnano, Santangelo and Monterotondo; Senatore of Roma 1241-1243. His brother Giordano was named Cardinal Deacon of San Eustachio by Nicholas III on 12 March 1278. His brother Gentile became Lord of Mugnano, Penna, Nettuno and Pitigliano. Another brother, Matteo Rosso of Montegiordano, was Senator of Rome (probably) in 1279, War Captain of Todi, and Podestà of Siena in 1281. There were five other younger brothers and two sisters. The Orsini family had already produced several popes: Stephen II (752-757), Paul I (757-767), and Celestine III (1191-1198).〔Williams, ''Papal Genealogy'', p. 215.〕 He did not, as some scholars used to think, study at Paris—though his nephew did.〔Demski, p. 7. Sternfeld, p. 3, n. 8.〕 His career shows no indication that he was a legal professional or a theologian. He never became a priest, until he became pope in 1277. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pope Nicholas III」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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